Underreporting cases of infectious diseases poses a major challenge in the analysis of their epidemiological characteristics and dynamical aspects. Thus, in what follows, we unify under-ascertainment and underreporting as “underreporting”. In the context of mortality, it is possible to identify the concepts of under-ascertainment and underreporting since both events are expected to happen in real systems of Public Health. ![]() Among the diverse causes of uncertainty two distinct levels of surveillance in Public Health should deserve special attention, under-ascertainment, when not all cases seek healthcare and underreporting, a failure to adequately report symptomatic cases that have sought medical advice. ![]() Surveillance and notification systems in Public Health are subject to uncertainties that cause difficulties to estimate the morbidity and mortality rates affecting populations. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ![]() The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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